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“Knowledge will forever govern ignorance; and a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives.”

-James Madison

 

 

The Lost Horizons News

Mid-Edition Update for September 7, 2014

 

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Featured In This Update:

Plain Facts About The Tax

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A Curious Thing

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A Word To The Anarchist Community

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What Makes YOU A Warrior For The Truth?

***

Project Paradigm-Shift

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Test Your "Income" Tax IQ!

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A "Pragmatic" Perspective On The Tax And The Rule Of Law

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Illuminating Anniversaries For This Week

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Your Comments

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...and much, much more!

 

 

Hot Topics In The News:

 

The Fourteenth Edition of CtC is Now Available!

On Obamacare

On the "Minimum Wage"

And Hey! Don't miss the great stuff in the main page of this edition!

 

 

"The preservation of a free government requires, not merely that the metes and bounds which separate each department of power be invariably maintained, but more especially that neither of them be suffered to overleap the great barrier which defends the rights of the people. The rulers who are guilty of such encroachment exceed the commission from which they derive their authority, and are TYRANTS. The people who submit to it are governed by laws made neither by themselves nor by an authority derived from them and are slaves….."

-James Madison

Plain Facts About The Income Tax That The Government, Your Tax Attorney, Your Favorite Pundit And Many Others Don't Want You To Know

Please read the following material carefully, including the notes at the end, and then share it widely. Links to documentation of every assertion and quote can be found in the more complete presentation at http://losthorizons.com/Documents/The16th.htm. All emphases are added.

HERE ARE SOME PLAIN FACTS about the nature of the income tax. Anything you've ever heard or had suggested to you about the tax which does not conform to each and every one of these facts is simply not true, no matter how or by whom it was said or suggested to you.

What you're going to see proven in the compilation below is that:

  •  1. The income tax is an excise;

  • 2. Excise taxes are taxes on privilege;

  • 3. The preceding facts about the income tax cannot change, because a tax on UN-privileged activities (or the gains therefrom) is a capitation or other direct tax, and the Constitution prohibits capitations and other direct taxes (other than by apportionment); and

  • 4. The prohibition on unapportioned capitations and other direct taxes has never changed, even by action of the Sixteenth Amendment.

Then we'll follow with some discussion of what these facts mean and why this is all very important to you and your kids. Here we go:

1. The tax is an excise:

"[The] tax upon gains, profits, and income [is] an excise or duty, and not a direct tax, within the meaning of the constitution, and [] its imposition [is] not, therefore, unconstitutional." 

United States Supreme Court, Springer v. U. S., 102 U.S. 586 (1880) (as summarized in Pollock v. Farmer's Loan & Trust, 158 U.S. 601, (1895))

"[T]axation on income [is] in its nature an excise..."

A unanimous United States Supreme Court in Brushaber v. Union Pacific R. Co., 240 U.S. 1 (1916)

"I hereby certify that the following is a true and faithful statement of the gains, profits, or income of _____ _____, of the _____ of _____, in the county of _____, and State of _____, whether derived from any kind of property, rents, interest, dividends, salary, or from any profession, trade, employment, or vocation, or from any other source whatever, from the 1st day of January to the 31st day of December, 1862, both days inclusive, and subject to an income tax under the excise laws of the United States."

The “affirmation” on the first income tax return form.

“The whole body of internal revenue law in effect on January 2, 1939... ...has its ultimate origin in 164 separate enactments of Congress. The earliest of these was approved July 1, 1862; the latest, June 16, 1938."

Preamble to the 1939 Internal Revenue Code

"The income tax... ...is an excise tax with respect to certain activities and privileges which is measured by reference to the income which they produce. The income is not the subject of the tax; it is the basis for determining the amount of tax.”

Former Treasury Department legislative draftsman F. Morse Hubbard in testimony before Congress in 1943

2. Excise taxes are taxes on privilege:

"...the requirement to pay [excise] taxes involves the exercise of privilege."

 United States Supreme Court, Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.,, 220 U.S. 107 (1911)

“The terms ‘excise’ tax and 'privilege’ tax are synonymous and the two are often used interchangeably.”

American Airways, Inc. v. Wallace, 57 F.2d 877, 880 (M.D. Tenn. 1937)

"PRIVILEGE:  A particular benefit or advantage enjoyed by a person, company, or class beyond the common advantages of other citizens. An exceptional or extraordinary power of exemption. A particular right, advantage, exemption, power, franchise, or immunity held by a person or class, not generally possessed by others.”

Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition

“The 'Government' is an abstraction, and its possession of property largely constructive. Actual possession and custody of Government property nearly always are in someone who is not himself the Government but acts in its behalf and for its purposes. He may be an officer, an agent, or a contractor. His personal advantages from the relationship by way of salary, profit, or beneficial personal use of the property may be taxed...”

United States Supreme Court, United States v. County of Allegheny, 322 US 174 (1944)

3. These facts about the tax cannot change, because a tax on UN-privileged activities (or the gains therefrom) is a capitation or other direct tax, and the Constitution prohibits capitations and other direct taxes (other than by apportionment):

"[A tax laid] according to what is supposed to be [an unprivileged payer's] fortune, by an assessment which varies from year to year [is a capitation]."

Adam Smith, ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’, Book V, Ch. II, Art. IV (1776)

"Art. I. Sect. 9. "no capitation tax shall be laid, unless &c"

 Mr Read moved to insert after "capitation" the words. "or other direct tax" He was afraid that some liberty might otherwise be taken to saddle the States with a readjustment by this rule, of past Requisitions of Congs - and that his amendment by giving another cast to the meaning would take away the pretext. Mr Williamson 2ded. the motion, which was agreed to, On motion of Col: Mason "or enumeration" inserted after, as explanatory of "Census" (Con. & S. C. only. no.)"

James Madison, Notes of the Constitutional Convention

"No capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken."

United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 9

"CAPITATION, A poll tax; an imposition which is yearly laid on each person according to his estate and ability."

Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 6th Ed. (1856).  (The official law dictionary of Congress when the income tax was enacted.)

"'[B]y direct taxes in the constitution, those are meant which are raised on the capital or revenue of the people;...'  [T]he framers of the [Constitution] had [Adam Smith's definition of 'capitation'] in view at the time, and ... by direct taxes, meant those paid directly from the falling immediately on the revenue;...'"

United States Supreme Court, Pollock v. Farmer's Loan & Trust, 157 U.S. 429 (1895)

"Direct taxes bear immediately upon persons, upon the possession and enjoyments of rights;”

United States Supreme Court, Knowlton v. Moore, 178 U.S. 41 (1900)

"The right to follow any of the common occupations of life is an inalienable right…  It has been well said that ‘the property which every man has in his own labor, as it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most sacred and inviolable. The patrimony of the poor man lies in the strength and dexterity of his own hands, and to hinder his employing this strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper, without injury to his neighbor, is a plain violation of this most sacred property’. Smith, Wealth of Nations, Bk. I, c. 10.” 

United States Supreme Court, Butcher’s Union Co. v. Crescent City Co., 111 U.S. 746 (1883)

"Included in the right of personal liberty and the right of private property- partaking of the nature of each- is the right to make contracts for the acquisition of property. Chief among such contracts is that of personal employment, by which labor and other services are exchanged for money or other forms of property” 

United States Supreme Court, Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1 (1915)

"Since the right to receive income or earnings is a right belonging to every person, this right cannot be taxed as privilege.”

Jack Cole Company v. Alfred T. MacFarland, Commissioner, 337 S.W.2d 453 (1960)

4. The prohibition on unapportioned capitations and other direct taxes has never changed, even by action of the Sixteenth Amendment:

"[The Sixteenth] amendment made it possible to bring investment income within the scope of the general income-tax law, but did not change the character of the tax. It is still fundamentally an excise or duty with respect to the privilege of carrying on any activity or owning any property which produces income."

Former Treasury Department legislative draftsman F. Morse Hubbard in testimony before Congress in 1943

"The Amendment, the [Supreme] court said, judged by the purpose for which it was passed, does not treat income taxes as direct taxes but simply removed the ground which led to their being considered as such in the Pollock case, namely, the source of the income. Therefore, they are again to be classified in the class of indirect taxes to which they by nature belong."

Cornell Law Quarterly, 1 Cornell L. Q. 298 (1915-16)

(The Pollock court had reasoned that even though otherwise proper subjects of an excise tax, a tax on privilege-based dividends and rent was functionally a tax on the personal property from which the gains were derived-- the stock and real estate-- and therefore was really a direct tax. The Sixteenth Amendment says that the "source" can no longer be considered in this way. If something is "income" in the sense meant in the income tax-- that is, a gain from a privilege-based, and thus excisable activity-- it can be taxed as such without regard to the source from which it is derived.)

"In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., Mr. C. J. White, upholding the income tax imposed by the Tariff Act of 1913, construed the Amendment as a declaration that an income tax is "indirect," rather than as making an exception to the rule that direct taxes must be apportioned."

Harvard Law Review, 29 Harv. L. Rev. 536 (1915-16)

"The Supreme Court, in a decision written by Chief Justice White, first noted that the Sixteenth Amendment did not authorize any new type of tax, nor did it repeal or revoke the tax clauses of Article I of the Constitution, quoted above.  Direct taxes were, notwithstanding the advent of the Sixteenth Amendment, still subject to the rule of apportionment…"

Legislative Attorney of the American Law Division of the Library of Congress Howard M. Zaritsky in his 1979 Report No. 80-19A, entitled 'Some Constitutional Questions Regarding the Federal Income Tax Laws'

"The Sixteenth Amendment, although referred to in argument, has no real bearing and may be put out of view. As pointed out in recent decisions, it does not extend the taxing power to new or excepted subjects..." 

U.S. Supreme Court, Peck v. Lowe, 247 U.S. 165 (1918)

"[T]he settled doctrine is that the Sixteenth Amendment confers no power upon Congress to define and tax as income without apportionment something which theretofore could not have been properly regarded as [unapportioned-excise taxable] income." 

U.S. Supreme Court, Taft v. Bowers, 278 US 470, 481 (1929)

"[T]he sole purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment was to remove the apportionment requirement for whichever incomes were otherwise taxable. 45 Cong. Rec. 2245-2246 (1910); id. at 2539; see also Brushaber v. Union Pacific R. Co., 240 U. S. 1240 U. S. 17-18 (1916)"

U.S. Supreme Court, So. Carolina v. Baker, , 485 U.S. 505 (1988)

5. So, it really doesn't matter at all what the tax is called (whether "excise" or not). Nor does it matter what the State wants you to believe about it. The tax CAN only be Constitutionally-applied as an excise-- meaning to privileged activities, measured by the gains they produce. Were it to be applied to UN-privileged activities it would be a capitation or other direct tax and require apportionment.

In happy fact, the tax IS confined to privileged activities, as written-- scrupulously so. It's just that it is written by geniuses of legal deception, and defended by scoundrels who take full advantage of its deceptive design.

YOU'VE BEEN FOOLED, PEOPLE (and man, has it cost you in wealth and liberty and security)!

The income tax is what it always has been, both before and after the Sixteenth Amendment: a tax on federally-granted privilege. It is not a tax on money, or making or receiving money, or anything but profitably exercising a federally-granted privilege.

That the tax has been effectively applied to non-privileged things (like your earnings) is a consequence of a clever statutory design by which common, actually-untaxable gains can be made to appear to be of the privileged, taxable variety (and the willingness of an always-revenue-hungry state to exploit your ignorance of that design and how it works).

You have even been made to legally (if unknowingly and unintentionally) agree that your actually unprivileged, untaxable gains are of the taxable sort.

Do you remember in 'The Incredibles' how the insurance company where Mr. Incredible was working had things carefully set up so everyone who dealt with the company was thoroughly exploited by its convoluted procedures and fine print? That's how the tax laws are set up.

But when you learn what the exploiters hope you won't, everything changes.

Tens of thousands of your neighbors have learned. They've been getting all their money back for many years now.

The government hates this and strives mightily with all manner of corrupt practices from the bowels of its deep and dark armory to keep you from learning the liberating truth and cutting through the bs, too. Part of this effort has involved a lot of shooting, smearing, demonizing, and marginalizing the messenger and message, including by way of a handful of judicial proceedings deploying evasions calculated to give the appearance of opposition while actually constituting admissions, such as those discussed here and here.

There are others who would rather you didn't know the truth, also. Pundits who make a living complaining about the size of the government; tax attorneys; CPAs; "tax reform" advocates; and even many folks who present themselves as "tax honesty crusaders" don't want you to know. Knowing the truth about the tax, you will no longer buy what they're selling, just as you will no longer lose up to half your hard-earned wealth to a dangerously over-fed State.

Go to http://losthorizons.com/Documents/The16th.htm now and get the whole story. Or turn out your pockets and go back into your coma... copper-top. You and your kids will end up eaten alive by Leviathan (or, more accurately, spoon-fed in ever-more pathetic and contemptible bits and pieces to its clients), and you'll have no one to blame but yourself.

NOTES: Any construction of any aspect of the tax which would produce a result inconsistent with the above facts is a manifest misconstruction. For instance, any construction of the nature of what is taxed, or the meaning or effect of "includes", or of "privileged", which brings all economic activity or its products into the class of taxable events or taxed objects is self-evidently incorrect.

This is so, however cleverly the misconstruction may be defended. Any construction with the effect of imposing or justifying an unapportioned capitation or other direct tax is manifestly unconstitutional, even if teasing or arguing out just where the mistakes are being made gives you a headache or is beyond your abilities altogether. You don't need to be able to argue, understand or defend the relevant physics or the geometry to be able to confidently say that the Earth is not flat. 

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The same principle discussed above applies to "tax honesty" arguments that the tax only falls on corporations, or foreigners, or citizens, or residents, or the use or receipt of Federal Reserve notes, or is interlinked with the UCC, or (to put it succinctly) any construction or argument that the tax is anything other than what it is revealed to be in 'Cracking the Code- The Fascinating Truth About Taxation In America'. Such notions are just as  incompatible with one or more of the facts shown above as is the myth that the tax falls on all economic activity, and thus just as self-evidently incorrect.

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Some unscrupulous beneficiaries/defenders of the misapplication of the tax have argued that certain of the Supreme Court rulings cited and excerpted above, such as Butcher's Union v. Crescent City are not actually tax-specific cases. This is pure evasion masquerading as criticism.

Butcher's Union is not cited as evidence that the Supreme Court has specifically said that common occupations are not taxable other than by apportionment. The case doesn't say this, directly.

Indeed, it is often difficult or impossible to find court rulings which declare the obvious or uncontroversial directly. This is no surprise; after all, what would be the occasion for such a declaration? Has any court ever found itself needing to hold that the Sun rises in the East (so to speak)?

But Butcher's Union DOES acknowledge that common occupations are a matter of right. That fact (which we don't really need any court to tell us, but why not use it when it is there?) conjoins with Knowlton v. Moore's observation that a tax on the enjoyment of a right is a direct tax, thus requiring apportionment as specified in Article 1, Sec. 9, and with all the Supreme Court rulings declaring that apportionment requirement to continue, even after the Sixteenth Amendment. Taken all together, these are a body of judicial acknowledgement that under the US Constitution a federal tax on common economic activities engaged in by right (or the product thereof) can only be laid per the apportionment rule.

P. S. Do you think taking care of the misapplication of the tax doesn't matter? Why It Matters.

P. P. S. By the way, the systematic exploitation of the income tax's confusing design to apply it to unprivileged activities only began in the 1940s. Do you want to see what happened when it did? Click here.

P. P. P. S. This is a very important article with powerful truth-spreading potential. PLEASE share it widely, especially with folks outside the CtC community and especially with those in the media and the legal profession. Copy the whole thing, from the title  through these words, and paste it into your emails to others. If you are only able to share a link, it is http://losthorizons.com/MidEditionUpdate.htm#1.

Rilian and the Serpent

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'Now, Here's A Curious Thing...'

WERE YOU AWARE THAT OUT OF A POPULATION OF 122 MILLION+, with more than 45 million gainfully-occupied, only 4.171 million tax returns were filed by Americans of 1925-- the same Americans who had adopted the 16th Amendment 12 years before? Were you aware that this was the generally-consistent ratio of earners to return-filing and tax-paying during all the years from 1862 until the early 1940s and the enormously successful "ignorance tax"-implementing scam of the 'Victory Tax Act' and the 'Current Tax Payment Act of 1943', by which an historical average filing rate of less than 9% was snookered up to more than 90%, even though what qualifies for the tax has never changed?

If you DID know about the low number of filings compared to earners for all those years, did you keep its implications at bay with the absurd myth that exemption rates were simply kept so astronomically high compared to earnings as to shield most folks from the tax-- even while the government slogged through year after year of the revenue-demanding exigencies of World War I, the Great Depression, and most of World War II? Really?

Watch this new film and get the liberty-enhancing facts, Jack...

SHARE THIS VIDEO WIDELY!! You've got to be the teachers, my friends-- or the lessons will not be taught. Share this page, or at least the video link at: http://youtu.be/qd46hg4Wj0Y, and when you do, direct your correspondent to follow-up by taking in the all-important big-picture context for these revelations.

Here are links to other recent educational films: 'Educated Americans Love The Income Tax' and 'Busting The Myth-Mongers'. And don't forget this one: 'Now, More Than Ever, It's Time To Learn The Truth About The Income Tax'.

"All governments are run by liars and nothing they say should be believed."

-I. F. Stone

 

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See and hear from some others who "did", too, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and here. Learn how to share YOUR testimonial here.

 

Set a brushfire-- E-mail this newsletter to a friend

 

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"[T]axes are not raised to carry on wars; [it is, rather,] that wars are raised to carry on taxes."

-Tom Paine

 

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A Word To The Anarchist Community

Your goal may be worthy, but you can't get there from here

I HARDLY NEED TO POINT OUT THAT OVER OUR LIFETIMES corruption and crimes of the State have become systemic and unvarnished, and more so every day. Because this is so, good Americans are being shaken awake and away from mindless support of the State, or even merely its quiet tolerance, in droves.

Sadly, though, many of these newly-awakened folk are promptly sidelined from productive efforts against the problem by being persuaded that anything short of a utopian anarchy is not meaningfully different from the status quo. Tragically, this puts otherwise activated and typically very energized folks into a useless "much grumble, but no rumble" mode at the very time when action has its best chance of restoring the republic and the rule of law.

LET ME SAY AT THE OUTSET THAT the anarchy-advocates of my acquaintance tend to be passionate on behalf of liberty, bright and creative thinkers, and just the kind of company desired by anyone (like me) who enjoys a vigorous debate on questions of principles and power. I am very fond and admiring of many of these folks.

But with all the fine qualities many anarchists have, they are, as a rule, beset with self-defeating habits and perspectives. Overall, these good folks are inadvertent but definite hindrances to the restoration of liberty in America.

The problem with anarchism in this regard has nothing to do with the viability of anarchism itself. The problem is that the anarchist philosophy rejects the existence of any kind of State, and thus, rejects any activism by which the State can be downsized to safe, manageable dimensions. Activism of the "downsizing" sort implicitly acknowledges the continued existence of the State into the future, and so is distasteful to the anarchist sensibility.

This rejection of activism is burdened with two huge problems. One is the fact that the inaction is an enormous hypocrisy, and therefore spiritually enervating of its practitioners. If one rails against the very legitimacy of the State in any form, but one pays the taxes one thinks it demands, buys and affixes the licenses one thinks it demands, obeys what one thinks are its laws and so forth, one is a transparent fraud, both to one's own eyes and those of all others. The failure to stand on one's principles in these respects erodes virtue and integrity in all others.

The other huge problem with a rejection of activism is that otherwise the dangerous State COULD be successfully downsized to a point where even the most dreamy-eyed anarchist would think himself in paradise. Consider the throw-weight of the modern federal State as illustrated in this graph:

Could anyone fail to recognize that restoring the federal State to its dimensions of even as recently as the early 1940s would be a nearly incomprehensible improvement in the well-being of Americans? In fact, it would be a transformation on the most fundamental level, just as was the abandonment of those restrained dimensions 70 years ago. But this hugely beneficial transformation, which would be far more satisfying than an anarchist's philosophy will allow him to admit, will not happen without that activism.

Further even the anarchist who insists on making the perfect the enemy of the good and sticks to his insistence on the total disappearance of the State is bound for eternal disappointment without the State-reducing activism he eschews. America can't get there from where we are today.

It may be galling to the dedicated anarchist, but regardless of the viability of his preferred political structure (or lack thereof), his political program (and deliberate inaction while just waiting for the State to disappear IS a political program, like it or not) is not viable. Even if one believes in the viability of NO state, and will settle for nothing else, in order to even  have a chance of trying it out America must first return to its previous condition of very little State.

AS MUCH AS MANY EVENTS AND REVELATIONS of the last twenty years have marred the State's reputation and raised bumps in its road, as things now stand the State controls, at all levels of direct authority and supporting organs and interests, the bulk of all wealth produced in America. Thus, the State has massive power and resources with which to suppress and out-shout its opponents.

It has a massive influence on American culture, and education, and iconography. It controls the direction of research in sociology, psychology and technology. It controls the front pages of our newspapers and other media-- not by diktat, but by being the biggest story, or the biggest player in any story, whenever it wishes.

Most of all, perhaps, it has a well-funded, very broad and deep stable of intellectual apologists who do not sit quietly while Lew Rockwell and Jacob Hornberger and Robert Higgs and others (all of whose writings I love, admire and respect) strive to persuade everyone else to reject the State and all its works (even while not doing so themselves). Those State-defending intellectuals smartly use their very bully pulpits to steer and manage and diffuse and defuse disaffection, and they will continue to do so while the State has the resources to finance them and to remain the biggest interest in the milieu in which this competition for hearts and minds takes place.

The only real solution to the problem against which these anarchists argue is to accompany the arguments with action to reduce their otherwise overwhelmingly-potent adversary to a manageable size. This is done by acknowledging and becoming advocates for the mechanism provided by the Founders for this very purpose-- the Constitutional rules of the federal taxing power.

THE ANARCHISTS MUST ABANDON their pretense of reading the federal taxing power as somehow inherently coercive and unrestrained. This fiction is promoted as a ploy to alienate Americans from the State, because to acknowledge that the State has no such unrestrained coercive power is to  make its utter abolition much less critical to the enjoyment of real liberty.

If the State is believed to be legally equipped to take from anyone what it wishes without meaningful restraint, it is a monster that cannot be tolerated. When it is acknowledged that the State has no such lawful power, the problem is transformed from the existence of the State per se into one of enforcement of the law upon the State, a different thing altogether. And when an honest examination of the historical record proves that this enforcement was successfully accomplished for 140 years, it is a very different thing altogether.

THERE IS AT THE MOMENT a topic of dialogue labeled "the libertarian moment". The question has been raised by some whether that moment might be now, based on a variety of trends in polling and certain electoral and public policy outcomes of recent years. The anarchist community would like to imagine that this is such a moment, or the edge of one.

But there is no such thing as a "libertarian moment". That itself is a utopian (and anarchic) concept, imagining that at some point a great and sufficient mass of Americans are just going to flip-off the State and it will slink away.

This is adolescent fantasy.

It is not fantasy because a great and sufficient mass of Americans could not arrive at the mental and spiritual point required for such a rejection of the State. Such a mass can certainly be brought into existence.

It is fantasy because notwithstanding the virtuous admonitions and argument of Étienne de la Boétie about tyranny relying on, and being vulnerable to, the will of the people, entrenched, vigorous states don't EVER "just slink away" (or "wither away" to use Marx's expression). Entrenched, vigorous states, even in the face of substantial popular dissatisfaction, fight for their lives. The clients of entrenched vigorous states (which are entrenched and vigorous because they have many, many clients) fight for their slops.

There will be no spontaneous slinking or withering away. The only way that the State will become a smaller thing is by individual Americans reasserting control over the resources by which the monster State is fueled.

WE'RE NOT IN A "LIBERTARIAN MOMENT". BUT WE ARE in a long-overdue "Jeffersonian Moment", when the American people are increasingly active in a revolution-within-the-form BACK to the country's real roots of liberty via an extremely limited government closely confined by the individual-citizen-enforced rule of law.

The anarchist community must cease counseling (or influencing) the disaffected to sit on the sidelines and wait for transformation. Instead, those in that community who really hold to the principles of liberty they say they do must join the CtC community in encouraging all Americans to sincerely respect and courageously uphold the law.

Doing so might entail the distasteful admission of the law's existence into the future. But there's a silver-lining. By admitting the existence of the law for purposes of using it to dramatically downsize the State, the anarchists give themselves the best chance they'll ever have of persuading the American people, thus detached from State worship and State dependency, to take the anarchists cherished next step of drowning the now-small-enough State in its bathtub.

"Power concedes nothing without a demand.  It never did and it never will.  Find out just what any people will quietly submit to and you have the exact measure of the injustice and wrong which will be imposed on them, and these will continue till they have been resisted with either words or blows, or with both.  The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they suppress."

-Frederick Douglass

 

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Some Folks Have Already Surrendered To The State's War Of Terror...

I'm proud to be a member of our ever-growing CtC community of grown-up Americans who have not.

To learn how the Founders anticipated this kind of internal assault on our liberties-- and provided against it-- read 'The Shield'

(and share it around widely)!

"Cowardice asks the question - is it safe? Expediency asks the question - is it politic? Vanity asks the question - is it popular? But conscience asks the question - is it right? And there comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular; but one must take it because it is right."

-Martin Luther King Jr.

 

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*****

 

Don't Keep A Bushel Over Your Candle!!

I HAD A CONVERSATION THE OTHER DAY with a warrior still waiting for his first victory, and who is instead being put through an obnoxious stall-and-distract "frivolous" routine (along with his warrior wife). This recently-retired professional man has done everything to comprehensively uphold the law, even going back as far as possible to correct his business filings as well as his personal ones, but so far with no joy.

My correspondent had suing on his mind, and wisely so-- the stall-and-distract "frivolous" assertions are calculated to occupy their target while the two-year window to launch a suit to compel the issuance of a thus-far unmade refund closes, and these folks aren't going to get foiled by that cheap ploy. So, I encouraged my friend to proceed, with all possible dispatch.

At the same time, though, and more vehemently still, I urged this good man to another, parallel activity which I think even more virtuous, since it offers direct benefit to everyone: WRITING UP HIS STORY FOR PUBLICATION!! Thinking about what this wonderful couple has been put through, I was struck hard by how compelling their story is as evidence of the truth about the tax-- just as is the story of every carefully-scrupulous educated filer and claimant whose claims are being evaded with the manifestly inapt, obviously-dodgy "frivolous" bs.

I was also struck by the realization that those who have been victimized by this run-around don't understand the power of their stories! My correspondent said as much to me when I brought up the idea of him writing up his story for his local paper, and/or posting in one place or another on the internet; his initial response was that,

1. He HAD thought about writing it up, but as a book; and

2. He didn't want to write it up until he had gotten a favorable resolution of the matter, thinking that only then would it be a virtuous story to tell.

No, no, NO!

Both of these notions-- that the whole tale could fill a book, and that it is desirable to be able to report a victory at the end of the story-- are understandable. But both overlook the very important facts that a 1500-word article will get read, while a book might not; a 1500-word article will get written, while a book might never be (and in any event, won't get written and out there NOW, while the need is immediate and high); and the story of illegitimate resistance to a CtC-educated claim is just as powerful an educational tool as a victory-- maybe even more powerful.

I ask you all, would the civil-rights movement have gotten the attention it did if the only people who ever told their stories were those NOT subjected to manifest abuse? If Rosa Parks' story had been, "Well, a white guy came on board and demanded that I give up my seat in the front of the bus to him. I refused, and he gave up and went to the back himself," do you think her experience would have inspired anyone to pay attention?

More to the point here, evasions are evidence of truths-- just as much so as are admissions or capitulations. Those of you who are attentive will have noted that while most of the EWWBL episodes I post end up as victories, I also post those that are not-- because an unfounded or transparently-evasive dodge by the government is just as much evidence of what the law actually requires as is a surrender to that requirement. When you can show your opponent doing the equivalent of muttering, "Yeah, THAT's the ticket...!" you are showing that he's lying. When you show that he's lying, you are showing that the truth is not on his side, and IS on your side.

I REALIZE THAT EXPLAINING HOW THE STATE'S AGENTS ARE LYING is not as easy as simply announcing a victory. But it IS just as compelling to those we need to reach, and in some ways, more so.

Despite its ever-increasing ludicrousness, there are still some who cling to the feeble "denial" notion that CtC victories are just a [ten years long, tens of thousands of occasion] "slip through the cracks". These folks convince themselves that CtC-educated victories don't happen because they should, but only happen by accident.

But that "it's all been a big mistake" notion, even as deeply delusional as those who resort to it are willing to be, can find no traction when facing demonstrable outside-the-law behavior by the state in response to CtC-educated claims. No one can argue that gimmicked "frivolous" notices making fake and deliberately incorrect references to statutory language, for example, are "slips through the cracks"!

SO, HERE'S THE THING, PEOPLE: This community really needs to become a very vocal, very widely-published community of revelatory voices-- RIGHT NOW. Every one of you needs to get busy bearing witness to the truth-- trumpeting your victories and denouncing any and all law-defying, truth-revealing evasion of the truth by its enemies.

As I counseled my correspondent the other day, every one of us must write our 1500-word testimonials. Write them for consumption NOT by me or by the CtC-educated, but for reading (or watching-- video stories, even just of you reading or telling your story are great) by those not yet equipped with the liberating truth about the tax.

Get them out there-- in your hometown paper, your newsgroups, your chatrooms and your blogs. Email them around, and copy me, please. The ice is breaking, because lies only hold up until the weight of the truth becomes too much for them, but it has a way of hardening back up if the pressure upon it doesn't grow.

If all you've had are victories, sing them out! If you've had resistance, sing that out, just as loudly.

Use the resources on this site. You don't have to analyze any evasions to which you might have occasion to refer-- just describe them with an eye to pointing out that they are unmistakably knowing and deliberate, and provide the URL at which they can be read about here as the means for explaining how they are manifestly contrary to the law.

Understand that EVERY state reaction to CtC IS A RESOURCE on behalf of communicating and emphasizing the liberating truth.

But only if you put it out there...

One Candle Is Uncovered...

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What Makes YOU A Warrior For The Truth?

We each have our reasons, and our story. It's time, and it's needed, for you to share yours with the world.

Everyone's failure to step up and fulfill this simple request is really getting to me, now...

"The day we see truth and do not speak is the day we begin to die."

-Martin Luther King, Jr.

 

What does it for you?

 

Is it simply because no moral and upstanding person has any choice when it comes to telling the truth over his or her signature, whether on tax forms or anywhere else?

 

Is it recognition of the critical importance of the rule of law, and the knowledge that if everybody leaves its caretaking to someone else, it will soon be lost to us completely?

 

Is it the money?

 

Maybe it's just simple respect for your own rights as a human being, who is not and cannot be not involuntarily subordinated to others?

 

Maybe it's just simple respect for your general civic responsibility to be the grown-up and enforce frugality and restraint on a big, powerful creature of our own devising which otherwise is like a badly-raised teenage boy given whiskey and car keys and let loose on the road to wreak havoc?

 

Or is it, perhaps, a more acute anxiety that if our bonfire of a state isn't damped, and quickly, it'll soon burn down the house around us all?

 

What IS it that firms up your jaw and stiffens your resolve?

 

It's time to take off the bushel and share your light!

 

I would like you to think about what it is that motivates you for a few moments (or all day, if you like), and then send me your thoughts. I want to put YOUR reasons to work inspiring folks who don't yet understand what this is all about.

 

In this day and age, the most effective way for you to share your thinking for the benefit of others is to video-record yourself talking about how you feel, and explaining what inspires and motivates YOU.

 

All you need is a webcam or cell-phone equipped with a camera. If you don't have, or know how to use, one of these, have a friend help.

 

If needed, write a little script for yourself. Better, though, to just speak extemporaneously, after spending a little time sorting out your thoughts and getting down into your heart. Perhaps make it a video of someone in your family, or a close friend, interviewing you.

 

Keep yourself to no more than 2 or 3 minutes, and keep in mind that the purpose is not to educate, but to INSPIRE, ENCOURAGE and ENERGIZE. Your video will be one of many to be shared.

 

You needn't feel any obligation to be profound, and you shouldn't try to explain anything about the law, other than to say that you have read it and you know it's on your side. You just need to be sincere, and uplifting. Your object is to make your audience want to have what you have, and to be where you are in your heart.

 

Keep in mind that you're speaking to an audience that doesn't yet know ANYTHING about the subject, and whose first reaction is, "This must be illegal; this must be dangerous; this is too good to be true." You want to pull that audience right past such things, and straight to a focus on truth, morality, and our American heritage of liberty and the rule of law.

 

Remember: INSPIRE, ENCOURAGE, ENERGIZE.

 

Speak about rights. Speak about morality, and the obligation of a grown-up and responsible person to speak the truth and to enforce the Constitution. Speak about everyone's duty to give to God what is God's, always, and to Caesar only what is really Caesar's. Speak of your obligation to respect yourself, and to look out for the current and future well-being of your children and your fellow citizens.

 

If you have had victories, describe them. Better still, show them, if possible.

 

Be clear about just what you accomplished: EVERYTHING back-- Social Security, Medicare and all; a "notice of deficiency" closing notice; an on-paper agreement or acknowledgment that your earnings weren't subject to the tax and everything withheld or paid-in was an "overpayment"; a transcript showing all $0s; or whatever happened.

 

When you speak of state victories, name the state. If you had to overcome balkiness from a tax agency before winning any victory, describe that, too!

 

Remember, your purpose is to INSPIRE, ENCOURAGE and ENERGIZE.

 

If you're dealing with ongoing balkiness, describe that, too, if you wish-- but be sure to explain why you're not discouraged, and why you are not standing down, not slinking back into the barn, and not choosing to endorse the lies.

 

Mention what you do for a living, whether you're a doctor, homemaker, lawyer, trucker, IT guy or gal, or a retiree or student. Help people understand that the company of grown-up activist Americans they are being invited to join cuts across all demographics and all interests-- with the common denominator being respect for the law and love of the principles on which this great country was founded.

 

This is your chance to get a LOT accomplished.

 

We've all had frustrating occasions of trying to explain all this to a friend, neighbor, family member or co-worker, only to pile up against the wall of a mind not yet ready to listen and learn. Here is your chance to address a self-selected audience of folks who have themselves decided that it's time for them to begin paying attention, and have clicked on your testimonial for exactly that reason.

 

So, please make and send those videos right away! The restoration of institutional respect for individual rights and the rule of law depends on enough individuals insisting upon it. Do your part to let those starting to rub the sleep from their eyes know that there is a community already waiting for their fellowship with open arms and open hearts and shining spirits.

 

See how some of your fellow warriors for the truth have done their parts here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and here.

 

"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has."

-Margaret Mead

 

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*****

A CtC Warrior's Solution To Illegal NSA Spying

 

NSA solution pic

Brian Harriss had this excellent teaching and outreaching idea, and produced what was needful. Get this flyer as a printable, sharable, spreadable .pdf here, and print it, share it, spread it.

 

The Crime of the Misapplied Income Tax
 

Project Paradigm-Shift

 

IN ANOTHER ARTICLE ON THIS PAGE I SPOKE OF AMERICAN HERO EDWARD SNOWDEN, who is now rightly celebrated for his efforts at spreading an important truth. I hope YOU are doing YOUR part at being an American Hero by spreading this link far and wide! Anything and everything must be done to get it into a state of viral distribution across America.

I'm asking you to help me with this by very purposefully sending this link to every single person you can, with a little note from yourself urging your correspondents to read the file, study it, and verify for themselves each assertion made and each fact cited. Urge your correspondent to let what is learned thereby percolate and settle in and begin shining its transformational light on his or her mental landscape, and in the meantime, to PASS IT ALONG TO OTHERS in the same way!

It is critically-important that all Americans regain their once-common understanding that even after 1913, capitations-- taxes on undistinguished, commonplace revenues and/or the activities that produce them-- remain subject to the apportionment rule, and that the income tax is not in conflict with that fact, being NOT a tax on undistinguished, commonplace revenues and/or the activities that produce them (however misleadingly worded parts of the tax law may be, and however routinely misapplied at the expense of the uneducated, apathetic or intimidated the tax may have been over the last 70 years).

 

I am counting on you to help make this happen by sending everyone this link.

 

Seriously, my friend. Even if you never do "action items", please do this one.

Right now. Without fail. Please.

 

You may not recognize how doing this will make any difference. I tell you, it will make ALL the difference.

 

This document is the anti-body to all the germs of error, disinformation and misunderstanding that allow the "ignorance tax" to persist. It needs to be given a chance to take root in as many minds as possible-- especially those NOT in the CtC community.

 

In many of these minds, perhaps, this truth anti-body will wither for lack of a hospitable environment. But in just as many, it will flourish and bloom, and those folks will become the patient and innovative teachers of others.

 

Pleas help me with this oh-so-important project.

-Pete

 

P. S. I know a lot of folks out there have self-defeating notions planted in their minds about how clearing up confusion about the "income tax" won't matter, "'Cause they'll just pay for all the badness with inflation, man!" or whatever.

 

No, they won't.

 

If "they" could do that and survive politically, (and weren't getting a whole lot more out of the maladministration of the "income tax" than just a couple of trillion dollars a year, as well), the tax would've been dropped with a grimace and without a backward glance like the universally-hated thing that it is, at least forty years ago. This "they'll just inflate" thing could only be said by someone not old enough (or alive at all) during the 1970s when we had a test of just how Americans would tolerate real inflation...

 

(Not that we're going to be spared getting a good dose of inflation soon anyway, you understand, unless we very quickly shrink the state down so small that it no longer has the resources to quash the emergence of free and valid currencies. This will only happen by Americans reclaiming individual control of their resources, as is relied upon by the framers in their design for a meaningfully-Constitutionally-limited republic-- and that, of course, is what this page is all about.)

 

The misunderstanding of the income tax is the thoroughly cultivated thing that it is (and anyone reading through this page will come to understand just how diligent is that cultivation) BECAUSE THE MISAPPLIED TAX IS THE INDISPENSABLE LIFEBLOOD OF THE UNRESTRAINED STATE. The state knows this well.

 

Indeed, the reason the truth about the tax is hedged about with a more enormous army of lies (and constantly-recruited "stakeholding" defenders) than any other organ of the state is because it is so vital to Leviathan's excesses, ambitions and survival. It is the heart of the monster.

 

This document is the monster's bane. Your efforts to spread this shaft of illuminating, inspiring and disinfecting sunlight will do more for your future well-being and that of your children than anything else you could do.

 

"I am only one, but I am one. I cannot do everything, but I can do something. What I can do, I should do and, with the help of God, I will do."

-Everett Hale

(...and every other person who has ever deserved liberty...)

 

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from

Was Grandpa Really a Moron?

Critical Inquiries for a New American Century

 

Bob’s Bicycles

or

Getting Free Of The "Income" Tax Scheme Is As Easy As Falling Off A Bike

 

 

 

To get an idea of how today's "income" tax scheme works, try this little exercise:

 

Think of the federal government as a guy named Bob, who lives down the street from you in a town that is really big on bicycles. Bikes get used for commuting, deliveries, shopping, etc.. In fact, other than walking, bicycles are the exclusive form of transportation in your town.

Your neighbor Bob has a by-the-mile bicycle-renting business-- "Bob's Bicycles". Bob's Bicycles is far and away the biggest business in town.

Part of Bob’s success is because he does a lot of contract business. However, Bob doesn't just get paid by riders who have signed an agreement with him, or even just those using Bob's bikes. Bob gets something every time anybody in town does any riding at all, through an odd combination of circumstances that took many years to come together.

 

Here's how it happened...

 

Bob's Bicycles was launched long ago by the great grandfather of the present Bob (Bob IV). Great Grandpa Bob started out not only with a main location for his contract business-- he also had the bright idea of setting up spots around town where he parked some of his bikes for use by the more occasional rider, on an "honor system". Anyone could take and use one of these bikes, but they were expected to keep track of their mileage, and send Bob a "1040 Mileage Ridden/Rent Due Form" (and the appropriate rent), periodically. The initial design of the form was like this:

 

I, ______________, rode a Bob's Bicycle a total of _____ miles this year.

At Bob's rental rate of $.15 per mile, I owe Bob $______

 

I said that Great Grandpa Bob planned to deal with these occasional riders on the "honor system", and that's true. But he liked his money, too, and didn't want to miss anything that was due him. So, after setting up the "self-serve" locations, Great Grandpa Bob went around handing out "W-2, 1099 or K-1 Rider Reporting Forms" to every other business in town. The forms-- accompanied by notices that if Bob didn't get his rent from someone riding a bicycle in connection with any business, he would sue the company involved-- said:

 

Click here to enjoy the rest of this illuminating little parable

(and if you want to see a liberating transformation take place THIS YEAR, forward this file to everyone in your address book)

 

Care to post a comment on this article?

 

You Can’t Fight Well When You Don’t Know What You’re Fighting About

 

If you are having an argument with the IRS or any other tax agency,

  • You are NOT being presumed to have made “corporate profit”.

  • You are NOT being alleged to have received “foreign income”.

  • You are NOT entangled in an invisible “adhesion contract”.

  • You are NOT being obligated by a law whose subject is never identified.

You are being targeted because REAL EVIDENCE exists that YOU PERSONALLY HAD “INCOME” to which the revenue laws apply-- even though that evidence is almost certainly incorrect, and CAN be corrected.

 

There IS "A Law" By Which You Can Be Made Liable, And This Is How It Works

 

Now Learn How To Be Master Of The Situation

 

See the Proof

 

Care to post a comment on this article?

 

 

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*****

 

Photographed on 1-70 in Missouri. America is waking up.

 

Do You Know What Happens When YOU Decide To "Let Someone Else Do It"?

NOTHING.

 

"I am only one, but I am one. I cannot do everything, but I can do something. What I can do, I should do and, with the help of God, I will do."

-Everett Hale

(...and every other person who ever really deserved liberty)

 

"God grants liberty only to those who love it, and are always ready to guard and defend it."

-Daniel Webster

 

"A nation of sheep will beget a government of wolves."

-Edward R. Murrow

 

*****

 

A Brief Introduction To The Fascinating Truth About The Income Tax

 

Seriously. Do you want to win? SPREAD THIS FILE AROUND!

 Doing so will accomplish more than anything that happens in a courtroom, more than any argument you make with any bureaucrat, more than ANYTHING else that you can do.

Are You Not Bothering?

Then You're Just Talking The Talk.

 

You've GOT To Walk The Walk If You Want To Win.

 

"Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated."

-Thomas Paine

 

*****

 

TOOLS FOR SPREADING THE LIBERATING TRUTH ABOUT THE TAX

 

 

Get this graphic as a printable/postable/mailable .pdf

 

Browse other transformational-truth-spreading tools

 

Test Your "Income" Tax IQ!

CtC Warrior SanDiegoScott has put together a great little 20-question quiz to test your knowledge of the law regarding the United States "income" tax. Test yourself, test your friends and family! Test your accountant and tax attorney, and help them learn the liberating truth!!

 

Click here to take the test

 

Find more quizzes here

 

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A "Pragmatic" Perspective On The Tax And The Rule Of Law

Hey, don't bother me with that "morality" argument, and all that stuff about "upholding the rule of law". I'm a pragmatist. I'm just interested in looking out for numero uno, and living my life without any hassles from the IRS!

So I'm okay with submissively letting my federal and state governments:

  • take 35-45% of my earnings;

  • habituate themselves to the conveniences of "creativity" in the writing of laws and the behavior of their officers in courtrooms in order to take that wealth from me with an appearance of legitimacy;

  • use my money to mess with foreigners on behalf of special interests, engendering hatred and contempt of all Americans-- including me;

  • use my money to finance armies of bureaucrats who rule my life for the benefit of themselves and their special-interest clients;

  • use my money to pay for an army of lawyers who will sue me or prosecute me if I try to make my own choices about who works for me and on what terms; about what I say-- and when, and how; about what I do with my own property; about whether I'm equipped to defend myself and those I love; and about how I raise and educate my children;

  • etc.... etc.... etc..

I'm good with all of it, just as long as I'm left alone, dude!

--

TELL ME THIS ISN'T YOU!

TELL ME YOU UNDERSTAND that leaving the government alone to break the law with impunity (and worse, participating in the process by lying on your own sworn tax returns, or by silently acquiescing to the erroneous allegations of others about your earnings) ensures NOT ONLY that you are morally and legally compromised, but also that you WON'T be "left alone, dude!"

You DO understand this, right, dude?

***

To suffer abuse without complaint or struggle is to suffer it nonetheless-- but to suffer it without the amelioration of dignity and self-respect.

***

If You Have Done So, Aren't You Really, Really Glad YOU'VE Taken Control Of How Much Of YOUR Money Washington Gets To Spend, Just As The Founders Intended?

 

If You Haven't, ARE YOU CRAZY??!!

 

Seriously! WHAT THE HELL IS WRONG WITH YOU??

 

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LEARN the liberating, empowering, critically-important truth about the 16th Amendment and the liberating, empowering, critically-important truth about the "income" tax. STOP merely reading (or writing) about how bad things are and START DOING SOMETHING ABOUT IT!

***

BY THE WAY... WHERE ARE YOUR SCHOLARLY OR INSPIRATIONAL ARTICLES ON THE TRUTH ABOUT THE TAX, PEOPLE? Do you think I can change the law-defying false paradigm of the "ignorance-tax" beneficiaries all by myself? That's not possible!!

YOU LAWYERS have to publish and post your own CtC-educated scholarly articles in your profession's journals and on its websites.

YOU CPAS have to publish and post your own CtC-educated scholarly articles in your profession's journals and on its websites.

YOU NON-SPECIALIZED AMERICAN GROWN-UPS have to publish and post your educated and inspirational letters and personal stories in your hometown newspapers, in every e-zine out there, and in every chat-room and news-group.

I can't do it alone. But we CAN do it together-- if you'll do your part.

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CtC Videos And Audio Resources

 

*****

"Never must thou take up a false cry, or join hands with the guilty by giving false witness in their favor. Never must thou follow with the crowd in doing wrong, or be swayed by many voices so as to give false judgment; even pity for the poor must not sway thee when judgment is to be given."

-Exodus 23:1-3

 

Doing A Little High-Payoff Math

 

If each person receiving this newsletter each week distributed as few as 100 of any of the great outreach tools featured here to co-workers, friends, neighbors and family members (or just strangers on the street, in the mall, etc...), we could have SEVERAL MILLION new Americans suddenly introduced to the liberating truth about the tax!

 

Just like that! In one week!

 

C'mon, people, let's roll on this!

 

“Most of the important things in the world have been accomplished by people who have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at all.”

‑Dale Carnegie

 

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*****

 

Spread The Truth

 

*****

 

A Few Tips For Making Best Use Of This WebSite

 

USE THE SITE MAP!!!

 

USE THE SITE SEARCH!!!

 

When directed to a page by topic or link, read everything.

 

I know that this can mean the investment of a lot of time, attention and effort, but although some may imagine otherwise, I don't write as much as I do because I can't think of any other way to spend my time...

 

Furthermore, when you encounter a hyperlink within, or associated with, the text you are reading, follow it!

 

It is pretty common these days for web-based material to be littered with hyperlinks. Sometimes the purpose is to provide definitions or examples, in order to ensure that folks reading the original material aren't presented with a word or reference which they don't understand. Sometimes the links lead to illustrations pertinent to the original text.

 

It is common-- and perfectly understandable-- for folks who are confident that they are familiar with language or references within the main text they are reading to get in the habit of skipping over included links. I do it all the time, myself!

 

However, I very rarely include links for definitional or explanatory purposes; and when I DO make a link out of text in one page it is generally to another self-contained page, rather than merely illustrative material. These other pages contain material the clear understanding of which I deem highly important for the proper and complete understanding of the original page. (Links to CtC, the Victories pages, CtC Warriors and so on are obvious exceptions to this general rule. On the other hand, a link to the victory Highlights or 'Every Which Way But Loose' pages, which might seem like such exceptions, are not. The special selection of victories on those pages, and the filed docs and tax-agency correspondences included therewith, themselves constitute highly instructive material which merits careful attention. Thus care needs to be taken in all cases.)

 

Please make a habit of clicking on all provided links and at least looking briefly to ensure that the linked page is one with which you are completely familiar from another study session.

 

Finally, please keep in mind that, annoying though it may seem at first blush (but not, I trust, upon reflection), I constantly tweak material already posted. Obviously this doesn't mean that every page is in flux at all times, but it does mean that if you are directed to a page that IS familiar, it's worthwhile to read it through again if it's been a while since your last having done so.

 

*****

 

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"Those will not reason, are bigots, those who cannot, are fools, and those who dare not, are slaves."

-George Gordon (Lord) Byron